Yes, you can use the AutofillManager’s notifyValueChanged() method to inform the Autofill Framework that a field’s value has changed. In your password change code, after updating the password, you can call this method on the password field to trigger the update:
// Get the AutofillManager
AutofillManager autofillManager = context.getSystemService(AutofillManager.class);
// Get the password field
EditText passwordField = findViewById(R.id.password_field);
// Notify the Autofill Framework that the password has changed
autofillManager.notifyValueChanged(passwordField);